This course focuses on the pathophysiology and xenobiotics-induced toxicological mechanisms of selected organs.

Toxicology is a multidisciplinary topic which encompasses many biological subjects such as molecular biology, cell biology, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology & medicine, and environmental & public health, etc. When exposed to xenobiotics, the resulted toxicological effects can be determined by many factors including the forms and toxicities of toxicants, dose of intake, ways of adsorption, difference in metabolism of individuals, etc. Common pathophysiological changes of selected organs and mechanisms lie behind are set as our study focus.